Ways to sample when conducting an observation include: Ad Libitum Sampling -- this approach is not that different from what people do at the zoo, for example--observing whatever seems interesting at the moment. We are all observers of people, their interactions, places, and events; however, your responsibility when writing a field report is to conduct research based on data generated by the act of designing a specific study, deliberate observation, synthesis of key findings, and interpretation of their meaning. 93). [needs update], Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases,[99]:147[100] and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005. Your browser will take you to a Web page (URL) associated with that DOI name. Writing@CSU. It is more comprehensive than the commonly used carbon footprint, which measures only carbon dioxide, one of many greenhouse gases. guideline on guidelines) of the GCP Inspectors Working Group. This measurement type is called historical or cumulative emissions. Major developed economies were found to be typically net importers of embodied carbon emissions—with UK consumption emissions 34% higher than production emissions, and Germany (29%), Japan (19%) and the US (13%) also significant net importers of embodied emissions.[154]. Elizabeth Parker from Las Vegas, NV on November 14, 2013: This was truly interesting. [25], Earth absorbs some of the radiant energy received from the sun, reflects some of it as light and reflects or radiates the rest back to space as heat. Notice that the word "that" is used in three of the examples above, and when it is used as it is in the examples, "that" replaces the comma which would be necessary without "that" in the sentence. At each sample point the observer records if predetermined behaviors of interest are taking place. What sectors are included in the calculation (e.g., energy industries, industrial processes, agriculture etc. [92] Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise,[93] increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events,[93] loss of biodiversity,[94] and regional changes in agricultural productivity.[94]. [82], Today,[when?] You should also state any recommendations you may have based on the results of your study. Halocarbons have an indirect effect because they destroy stratospheric ozone. In the industrial era, human activities have added greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, mainly through the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests.[51][52]. Therefore, they do not contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and often are omitted when discussing greenhouse gases. (B) The concentration in stratosphere. This paper will be based on child observation exercise made at Kid Care Child Development Centre. [1] The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3). Moving around can be intrusive, but it facilitates observing people's behavior from multiple vectors. 5th ed. Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely. and deposition of X In 2019 a new report "Plastic and Climate" was published. Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%. ( The estimate of total CO2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation. (2007) assessed the scientific literature on climate change mitigation policy: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, molecules containing two atoms of the same element, infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth, first IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol § Government action and emissions, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions, List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita, List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions, List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita, climate change scenario § Quantitative emissions projections, Global climate model § Projections of future climate change, Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources, bio-energy with carbon capture and storage, List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources, List of international environmental agreements, Top contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, "NASA GISS: Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide", "NASA Science Mission Directorate article on the water cycle", "CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history", "Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide | NOAA Climate.gov", "Frequently asked global change questions", Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, "AR4 SYR Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers – 2 Causes of change", "Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities", "Thai rice farmers step up to tackle carbon footprint", "Earth Will Cross the Climate Danger Threshold by 2036", "Contributions to accelerating atmospheric, "Laboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves", 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0197:EAGMEB>2.0.CO;2, "The attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect", "An emissions-based view of climate forcing by methane and tropospheric ozone", "Methane's Impacts on Climate Change May Be Twice Previous Estimates", "Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases", "Strong atmospheric chemistry feedback to climate warming from Arctic methane emissions", "Frequently Asked Question 10.3: If emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced, how quickly do their concentrations in the atmosphere decrease? The higher ends of the ranges quoted are for each gas alone; the lower ends account for overlaps with the other gases. Observation Observer:Valmire Korqaj Date:03.12.2 Class:VII Teacher:Miranda Agaj -In this paper I will describe a teacher and her students in an observation I did in Public school “Deshmoret e Kombit”.Through this paper a variety of pupils' class and teacher's behavior will be discussed. τ [84] The atmospheric concentration of vapor is highly variable and depends largely on temperature, from less than 0.01% in extremely cold regions up to 3% by mass in saturated air at about 32 Â°C. Words: 1610 Length: 4 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 5221947. [75] Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009. "Measuring urban greenhouse gas emissions: The challenge of comparability. . [84], Since about 1750 human activity has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. In the late 19th century scientists experimentally discovered that N2 and O2 do not absorb infrared radiation (called, at that time, "dark radiation"), while water (both as true vapor and condensed in the form of microscopic droplets suspended in clouds) and CO2 and other poly-atomic gaseous molecules do absorb infrared radiation. Monthly observation-service use was rising significantly and similarly for … In order to keep track of children’s intellectual development, learning activities are therefore essential. In any case, the calculation of the total radiative effect includes both direct and indirect forcing. (for example, words and characters in English text), or aggregate properties of the observation sequence (for in-stance, text layout). You should face the problem discussed in your paper at least once in your life. What is the meaning of what you have observed? [66] Indeed, higher CO2 concentrations are thought to have prevailed throughout most of the Phanerozoic eon, with concentrations four to six times current concentrations during the Mesozoic era, and ten to fifteen times current concentrations during the early Palaeozoic era until the middle of the Devonian period, about 400 Ma. Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling. Illustrations/Drawings It also facilitates repeated analysis of your observations. NOTE:  You may consider using a laptop or other electronic device to record your notes as you observe, but keep in mind the possibility that the clicking of keys while you type or noises from your device can be obtrusive, whereas writing your notes on paper is relatively quiet and unobtrusive. Scribd Online Library; Presser, Jon and Dona Schwartz. Example: In this study I will use an observational method to examine the differences between younger and older toddlers in their child-to-child and child-to-adult communication behaviors. This document is a reflection paper (reference to . [102], Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming. Emissions changes may, for example, be measured against a base year of 1990. This sample Participant Observation Research Paper is published for educational and informational purposes only. [125], Approximately 3.5% of the overall human impact on climate are from the aviation sector. Listed below are the following that relates to the teacher’s classroom design. The method is useful in recording rare behaviors missed by other sampling methods and is often used in conjunction with focal or scan methods [see below]. “Writing Services” As I have Example Of An Observation Essay already had Example Of An Observation Essay some bad experiences with writing services, I asked 6DollarEssay.com to provide me with a draft of the work. There are substantial uncertainties in the measurement of net carbon emissions. [137] Accounting for land-use change can be understood as an attempt to measure "net" emissions, i.e., gross emissions from all sources minus the removal of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks (Banuri et al., 1996, pp. The advantage of this method is that you are often able to observe relatively rare or unusual behaviors that might be missed by more deliberately designed sampling methods. “Photographs within the Sociological Research Process.” In Image-based Research: A Sourcebook for Qualitative Researchers. Definition of measurement boundaries: Emissions can be attributed geographically, to the area where they were emitted (the territory principle) or by the activity principle to the territory produced the emissions. On the other hand, this method may be biased towards more conspicuous behaviors and you may miss a lot of what is going on between observations, especially rare or unusual behaviors. [141]:17–18[144] This can be calculated by dividing a country's highest contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year, by that country's minimum contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year. In this article, I have used Pandas to analyze data on Country Data.csv file from UN public Data Sets of a popular ‘statweb.stanford.edu’ … The national accounts balance shows the difference between exports and imports. 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