Habsburg rulers confronted an expanded Ottoman Empire while attempting unsuccessfully to restore Catholic unity across Europe. Peace of Augsburg A treaty between Charles V and the forces of Lutheran princes signed in 1555, which officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and allowed princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose which religion would reign in their principality In 1566, on the Assumption of the Virgin day, a group of Calvinists in the Netherlands stormed Catholic churches, destroying statutes and relics in a town just outside of Antwerp. In general, the early part of the war went well for the Royalists. Even so, by 1570 the Spanish had mostly suppressed the rebellion throughout the Netherlands. The European wars of religion were a series of Christian religious wars which were waged in Europe during the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries. The Thirty Years' War was fought between 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, and involved most of the major European powers. These wars had been political in nature (and thus not religious) since both France and the Holy Roman However Spain's inability to pay its mercenary armies led to numerous mutinies and in November 1576 troops sacked Antwerp at the cost of some 8,000 lives. The spread of French Calvinism persuaded the French ruler Catherine de Médicis to show more tolerance for the Huguenots, which angered the powerful Roman Catholic Guise family. In recent years religion has resurfaced amongst academics, in many ways replacing class as the key to understanding Europe's historical development. Spanish, Savoyard, and papal troops supported the Catholic cause in France against Huguenots aided by Protestant princes in England and Germany. The wars concluded with the issuing of the Edict of Nantes by Henry IV of France, which granted a degree of religious toleration to Protestants. Conflicts immediately connected with the Reformation of the 1520s to 1540s: German princes (numbering 225) could choose the religion (Lutheranism or Catholicism) of their realms according to their conscience. 0. Meanwhile English Puritans and Scottish Calvinists intensely opposed the king's main religious policy of unifying the Church of England and the Church of Scotland under a form of High Church Anglicanism. Intro. The Dissolution of the Monasteries, which began in 1536, provoked a violent northern Catholic rebellion in the Pilgrimage of Grace, which was eventually put down with much bloodshed. King Charles I decided to send an expeditionary force to relieve the French Huguenots whom Royal French forces held besieged in La Rochelle. Taxation, the Inquisition, and the suppression of privileges for a time provoked the combined resistance of Catholic and Protestant. European Wars of Religion - Gus Weed Timeline created by cweed23@jcss.us. Watch video lessons about wars of religion and learn about the 80 Years' War, the German Peasant Wars, the Peace of Augsburg, and more. However tax-raising authority for these wars was getting harder and harder to raise from parliament. The European Wars of Religion An Interdisciplinary Reassessment of Sources, Interpretations, and Myths 1st Edition by Wolfgang Palaver and Publisher Routledge. While the wars of religion often began as conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, there were political, economic, civil, and national reasons behind the wars as well. European Wars of Religion. Martin Luther rejected the demands of the insurgents and upheld the right of Germany's rulers to suppress the uprisings. In 1585, Antwerp—the largest city in the Low Countries at the time—fell into his hands, which caused over half its population to flee to the north (see also Siege of Antwerp). Edit. It was Europe's largest and most widespread popular uprising before the 1789 French Revolution. Alba was replaced in 1573 by Luis de Requesens and a new policy of moderation was attempted. Her secretary, William Maitland of Lethington, defected to the Protestant side, bringing his administrative skills. History. French Wars of Religion. Wars of Religion, (1562–98) conflicts in France between Protestants and Roman Catholics. Support from England finally arrived and by the end of March, a significant English army joined the Scottish Protestant forces. Spain vs. England "Une foi, Un loi, Un roi" One faith, one law, one king. The Catholics were victorious and able to maintain their political dominance. The major impact of the Thirty Years' War, in which mercenary armies were extensively used, was the devastation of entire regions scavenged bare by the foraging armies. Classic . Mary claimed to favour religious toleration on the French model, however the Protestant establishment feared a reestablishment of Catholicism, and sought with English help to neutralise or depose Mary. Although sometimes unconnected, all of these wars were strongly influenced by the religious change of the period, and the conflict and rivalry that it produced. Peace of Augsburg The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty that ended the religious struggle between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. In History. Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution that restored to Catholics all land confiscated by the Protestants since 1552. In response, William united the northern states of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders and the province of Groningen in the Union of Utrecht on January 23, 1579. S tarting in the 1520s international relations between the rising European states were dominated by conflicts that were primarily or significantly religious in character: wars in central and southern Europe, between Christians and Muslims; and, in central and northwestern Europe, confessional wars, the fruit of the Reformation. However, on April 1, 1572, Dutch Calvinist raiders, known as Sea Beggars, forced from sanctuary in England, unexpectedly captured the almost undefended northern Netherlands town of Brielle. In a pattern soon to become familiar in the Netherlands and Scotland, underground Calvinist preaching, and the formation of covert alliances with members of the nobility quickly led to more direct action to gain political and religious control. The Wars of Religion (1562-1598) The Reformation. On October 11, 1531, the Catholic cantons decisively defeated the forces of Zürich in the Battle of Kappel. On 30 June, the Protestants occupied Edinburgh, though they were only able to hold it for a month. On the one hand, deep divisions separated Calvinist from Lutheran; and, on the other hand, political considerations persuaded the moderate Catholic faction, the Politiques, to oppose the Holy League. The Reformation came to Britain and Ireland with King Henry VIII of England's breach with the Catholic Church in 1533. History. At its height, in the spring and summer of 1525, it involved an estimated 300,000 peasant insurgents. Following the restoration of Catholicism under Queen Mary I of England in 1553, there was a brief unsuccessful Protestant rising in the south-east of England. In the territory of Brandenburg, the losses had amounted to half, while in some areas an estimated two thirds of the population died. The peace finally ended in the Schmalkaldic War (German language: Schmalkaldischer Krieg), a brief conflict between 1546 and 1547 between the forces of Charles V and the princes of the Schmalkaldic League. The Committee of Sixteen took complete control of the government and welcomed the Duke of Guise to Paris. Frank Hobbs. It was foiled when their plans were discovered. The sack of Magdeburg in 1631. The Austrian House of Habsburg was a major European power in its own right, ruling over some eight million subjects in present day Germany, Austria, Bohemia and Hungary. Period: 1555. to . In 1645 Parliament passed the Self-denying Ordinance, by which all members of either House of Parliament laid down their commands, allowing the re-organization of its main forces into the New Model Army. The total defeat of the insurgents at Frankenhausen (May 15, 1525), was followed by the execution of Müntzer and thousands of peasant followers. War of Roses. Matthys identified Münster as the "New Jerusalem", and preparations were made, not only to hold what had been gained, but to proceed from Münster toward the conquest of the world. In 1562, seven years after the Peace of Augsburg had established a truce in Germany on the basis of territorialism, France became the centre of religious wars which endured, with brief intermissions, for 36 years. Here they banded together to form the Schmalkaldic League (German language: Schmalkaldischer Bund), an alliance designed to protect themselves from Imperial action. European Wars of Religion will be a journey into the excitement, division, chaos, and horror of religious reform and civil violence during the Wars of Religion in early modern Europe. B This article has been rated as B-Class on the project's quality scale. However this was a decade in which Protestantism was able to entrench its position in the lands that it already occupied. This prompted intervention by Duke Maximilian of Bavaria on behalf of the Catholics. European Wars of Religion will be a journey into the excitement, division, chaos, and horror of religious reform and civil violence during the Wars of Religion in early modern Europe. The city prepared to fight to the death rather than accept a Calvinist king. convert to Catholicism. However various Protestant elements rejected the Interim, and the Second Schmalkaldic war broke out in 1552. PURGATORY. Its partisans massacred a Huguenot congregation at Vassy (1562), causing an uprising in the provinces. This was evident from the Cologne War (1582–83), a conflict initiated when the prince-archbishop of the city converted to Calvinism. Due to the almost uninterrupted rule of the Calvinist-dominated separatists, most of the population of the northern provinces became converted to Protestantism over the next decades. Meanwhile, the solidly Catholic people of Paris, under the influence of the Committee of Sixteen were becoming dissatisfied with Henry III and his failure to defeat the Calvinists. The Elector of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse and other North German princes not only protected Luther from retaliation from the edict of outlawry issued by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, but also used state power to enforce the establishment of Lutheran worship in their lands. Under pressure from the Duke of Guise, Henri III reluctantly issued an edict suppressing Protestantism and annulling Henri of Navarre's right to the throne. Church property was seized and Catholic worship was forbidden in most lands which adopted the Lutheran Reformation. Tag Archives: European Wars of Religion Plague Doctor, 2011, by Erwin Olaf. The first major instances of systematic Protestant destruction of images and statues in Catholic churches occurred in Rouen and La Rochelle in 1560. This led to the Fourth and Fifth Civil wars in 1572 and 1573-1576. The Empire also contained regional powers, such as Bavaria, the Electorate of Saxony, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the Electorate of the Palatinate, the Landgraviate of Hesse, the Archbishopric of Trier and Württemberg. The Renaissance had brought rapid economic and population growth which stressed traditional societal structures. Instructor-paced BETA . attack Spain. In 1588 the destruction of the Spanish Armada against England was intimately connected with the progress of the struggles in France and the Netherlands. Notable exceptions were Amsterdam and Middelburg, which remained loyal to the Catholic cause until capture in 1578. Germany lost population and territory, and was henceforth divided into hundreds of largely impotent semi-independent states. The Guises then proposed a settlement with a cipher as heir and demanded a meeting of the Estates-General, which was to be held in Blois. After obstinate resistance, the town was taken by the besiegers on June 24, 1535, and then Leiden and some of his more prominent followers were executed in the marketplace. Contemporary estimates put the dead at 100,000. Save up to 80% by choosing the eTextbook option for ISBN: 9781317032762, 1317032764. This provoked a further outbreak of hostilities (the Second War) which ended in another unsatisfactory truce, the Peace of Longjumeau (March 1568). The Holy Roman Empire, superimposed on modern political boundaries. The Peace of Augsburg (1555), signed by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, confirmed the result of the 1526 Diet of Speyer and ended the violence between the Lutherans and the Catholics in Germany. Henry soon found himself in the difficult position of trying to maintain royal authority in the face of feuding warlords who refused to compromise. Knox was declared an outlaw by the Queen Regent, Mary of Guise, but the Protestants went at once to Perth, a walled town that could be defended in case of a siege. 9th grade . He proceeded to Dundee where a large number of Protestant sympathisers and noblemen had gathered. Mutual distrust existed between him and his French allies, the family of Guise, because of their ambitions for their niece Mary Stuart. HELL. These wars had been political in nature (and thus not religious) since both France and the Holy Roman By now Calvinist mobs had overrun much of central Scotland, destroying monasteries and catholic churches as they went. The French Wars of Religion would eventually result in the War of the Three Henrys with Henry of Navarre becoming King Henry IV and converting to Catholicism to maintain peace. Henry of Navarre again sought foreign aid from the German princes and Elizabeth I of England. Following aggressive Calvinist preaching in and around the rich merchant cities of the southern Netherlands, organized anti-catholic religious protests grew in violence and frequency. 68% average accuracy. Over the following years, the new Spanish governor Alexander Farnese (Duke of Parma) reconquered the major part of Flanders and Brabant, as well as large parts of the northeastern provinces. The largest of the religious wars was the Thirty Years War (1618–1648), a multifaceted, dynamically shifting, European-wide war that brought the many strands of inter-state conflict together. In Northern Germany, Luther adopted the stratagem of gaining the support of the local princes in his struggle to take over and re-establish the church along Lutheran lines. The fortified harbour of La Rochelle in western France, became a Protestant stronghold that was fought over in two lengthy sieges. one who was not supportive of Calvinism.) 1. After her army's defeat at the Battle of Langside on May 13, she fled to England, where she was imprisoned by Queen Elizabeth. The European wars of religion are usually taken to have ended with the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), or arguably, including the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession in this period, with the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713. Starting as a revolt against feudal oppression, the peasants' uprising became a war against all constituted authorities, and an attempt to establish by force an ideal Christian commonwealth,[citation needed] with absolute equality and the community of goods. In keeping with Salic Law, he named Henri as his heir. On his deathbed, Henri III called for Henry of Navarre, and begged him, in the name of Statecraft, to become a Catholic, citing the brutal warfare that would ensue if he refused. Society struggled under the weight of growing commercial and agricultural capitalism as well as persisting medieval structures. In History. Read European Wars Of Religion books like The Children of the New Forest and Auldearn 1645 with a free trial Individual conflicts that can be distinguished within this topic include: Although later wars such as the Nine Years' War (1688–97) had a religious component that was important locally in some arenas, they were more fundamentally undertaken for political reasons, with coalitions forming across religious divisions. AP European History: Unit 2.2 HistorySage.com Wars of Religion: 1559-1648 I. Hapsburg-Valois Wars (c. 1519-1559) A. Even then, religious strife continued through the Glorious Revolution and even thereafter. At this time there were only a limited number of Protestants among the general population, and these were mostly living in the towns of the South and the East of England. Answer: The religious wars were a series of military conflicts in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. After the Peasants' War (1524/25), a second and more determined attempt to establish a theocracy was made at Münster, in Westphalia (1532–1535). Some areas of Europe had more than 30 percent of their population wiped out. In Europe, the Christian church had been a near universal church for about 1000 years, but this was changed by the reformation of the early 1500s. The war ended with the Treaty of Münster, a part of the wider Peace of Westphalia. In its battle to maintain Catholic control of the Low Countries, Spain was severely hampered by the fact that it was also fighting a war against the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean. Military intervention by external powers such as Denmark and Sweden on the Protestant side increased the duration of the war and the extent of its devastation. Behind this ideological grouping of the powers, national, dynastic, and mercenary interests generally prevailed. The preaching of Martin Luther and his many followers raised tensions across Europe. The first large-scale violence was engendered by the more radical of Luther's followers, who wished to extend wholesale reform of the Church to a similar wholesale reform of society in general. The tensions remained essentially unresolved, and would flare high again in the second war of Kappel two years later. Peace of Augsburg The peace of Augsburg was the German Princes having to decide between Lutheranism or Catholicism as their regions religion. The ecclesiastical leaders of the Catholic Church (bishops) that had converted to Lutheranism were required to give up their territories. Its members eventually intended the League to replace the Holy Roman Empire itself, and each state was to provide 10,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry for mutual defence. The Holy Roman Empire, encompassing present-day Germany and portions of neighbouring lands, was the single area most devastated by the Wars of Religion. Fifth War—had already flared up again in December 1560, Francis II died Catherine. 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